Hague Rules

Signed in Brussels on August 25, 1924 and in force from June 2, 1931, the rules require carriers to exercise due diligence on seaworthiness and to properly load, stow and care for cargo, and list 17 exceptions, including navigational error and fire. Liability is limited to 100 pounds sterling per package or unit unless value is declared, and suits must be filed within one year. Many states later adopted the Hague-Visby amendments, while the United States applies the Hague Rules through COGSA.

The Hague Rules remain the base layer of ocean cargo liability for much of world trade, including every US import under COGSA. Their exceptions and package limits explain why carriers often owe little for lost containers. For example, a container lost overboard in a severe storm may fall under the perils of the sea exception, leaving the importer to recover only through cargo insurance. Any brand shipping inventory by ocean should understand that bill of lading terms rooted in these rules limit carrier responsibility.

• Ocean Bill of LadingOcean carrier's receipt and contract

• Hague-Visby Rules1968, in force 1977 · Amended Hague Rules on ocean carrier liability
• Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA)1936 · US ocean cargo liability law with $500 package limit
• Harter Act of 18931893 · US law barring carriers from contracting out negligence

1. Hague-Visby Rules (including the 1924 Hague Rules), Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org